Sociology Defining Human Behavior - 948 Words

Sociology: Defining Human Behavior Sociology helps us to understand how human behavior is influenced by social and cultural forces and also, how society and culture are influenced by individual behavior. Providing ways to understand why and how society functions, we ask ourselves how sociology helps us to understand how human behavior is guided by social and cultural forces. First of all, let us look at the meaning of sociology: â€Å"the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings†. (Merriam-Webster Full Definition of Sociology, n.d.). Knowing this, we can begin to come to an answer about how it helps us to think, feel and act according to the influence of our cultures and the society around us. Gathering information on how we as individuals and groups respond to our cultural beliefs as well as the social world that surrounds us is the job of a sociologist. Society influences both human behavior and attitudes and this differs depending on the groups we are a part of. Take for example the observation made by Ruth Horowitz, a professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, where she observed a lo wer-class Chicano neighborhood in Chicago. Horowitz discovered how the notion of â€Å"honor† drove young men to depart from the accepted standards. She formulized, â€Å"A real man has honor. An insult is a thread to that honor. Therefore, not to stand up to someone is to be less than a real man.†Show MoreRelatedSociology : Defining Human Behavior961 Words   |  4 PagesSociology: Defining Human Behavior In this paper we will discuss how sociology helps us to understand how human behavior is influenced by social and cultural forces and also, how society and culture are influenced by individual behavior. Sociology provides ways to understand why and how society functions. We ask ourselves how sociology helps us to understand how human behavior is guided by social and cultural forces. First of all, let us look at how sociology is defined. Sociology is definedRead MorePersonnel Management and Organizational Behavior1101 Words   |  5 PagesManagerial Skills: Strategies for Helping Managers In Organizations Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior Dr. Tassos Petrou February 20, 2007 Managerial Skills: Strategies for Helping Managers In Organizations Understanding Organizational Behavior (OB) presents countless challenges for managers in today’s changing society. Confronting these challenges accurately will assist managers in developing suitable environments for employees to execute occupational functionsRead MoreWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of psychology changed with dealing more with the scientific study of behavior. From about 1970 on, psychology was defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. However, according to nowadays definition of psychology, it could be defined as the study of the behavior and human mind. Factors which influencing our behavior include physical, emotions, thoughts and social. It can help to solve humans’ problems if we have a complete understanding of the above factors. There areRead MoreIs Education An Agent Of Socialization? Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesrole as an agent of socialization on individuals. Using religious studies, I would look into the varying views of different beliefs and their definitions of what education, knowledge, and success should mean to a human being. By collaborating my knowledge in both religious studies and sociology to compare the ultimate purpose and meaning of educational success in regards to both societal standards and religious belief, this research can serve as a step towards improving the issue of adolescent stressRead MoreA Study Of Development, Structure, And Functioning Of Human Society851 Words   |  4 PagesSynthesis 1 Sociology. The study of development, structure, and functioning of human society. It is the basis which scientists use to analyses social interactions and behaviors of those around us. For example, when you are watching the news and see a statistic of how a certain people group tends to have a specific pater of thought, this come directly from sociology. In other words, sociology is the means by which we use to understand each other. So far, we have covered many different topics rangingRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Webers Influence On Religion1727 Words   |  7 PagesThree theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, are undoubtedly the fathers of modern sociology. â€Å"Nineteenth century Western Europe was pounded by pivotal forces of transformation. Politics, education, religion, communication science, art, and social life were being revolutionized.† (Mohseni 1994;85) Each with distinct views on society and religion, these sociologists are and their t heories are significant especially in the field of society. Just as much as they play a major role in theRead MoreMy Role As A Society860 Words   |  4 Pageswho needed help. Reading the textbook showed me a lot of interesting facts that can either affect people negatively or positively in life. For example, it is known that there are different types of norms and norms are the established standards of behavior maintained by a society (pg. 59). However, not being able to follow these rules can negatively affect them by being looked down on by other people. And another quote that I found really interesting is how culture helps to unify and provide meaningRead MoreUnderstanding The Looking Glass Self1129 Words   |  5 PagesA wise sociologist once said, â€Å"In order to be -- or become -- fully human, humans need a great deal of proficiency at taking account of others and forming relationships with them.† Sociology teaches humans where we connect to different groups as well as classifying them into these groups. These classifications that we are assigned include, economic status level, education, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. By doing so, we p erceive the view of ourselves and others in the world. The Looking Glass-SelfRead MoreDeviance Theory Analysis Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagesas the intentional or accidental violation of the particular behavioral aspects and ways that people are expected to act within a society (Hardy). When an individual breaks the societal rules of conduct, they are said to be involved in deviant behaviors. However, due to the dynamism of the societies, what may be regarded as a deviant act in one society could be regarded as normal within another society. This brings out the issue that deviance may be viewed as relative to both time and location withRead MoreThe Concept Of The Looking Glass Self1423 Words   |  6 PagesSociology 1110 Winter 2015 Assignment 4 – Expository-Explanatory Paper The increase in interest to the problem of communication in sociology actualized questions of understanding the nature of the individual. This determined the weakening of the behaviorist tradition, which is characterized by a nihilistic attitude to the study of psychological processes and the determination of the human life as a manifestation of the externally observable behavior (by analogy with the animal reaction). The interactionist

Everyday Use by Alice Walker A Look at Symbolism and...

Alice Walkers â€Å"Everyday Use†, is a story about a family of African Americans that are faced with moral issues involving what true inheritance is and who deserves it. Two sisters and two hand stitched quilts become the center of focus for this short story. Walker paints for us the most vivid representation through a third person perspective of family values and how people from the same environment and upbringing can become different types of people. Like most peoples families there is a dynamic of people involved, although all from the same environment and teachings, it is ultimately an accumulation of personal experiences that shape us and defines how we perceive our existence. â€Å"Everyday Use† is a story of conflict of right and wrong and†¦show more content†¦Because, the quilts had been made by the grandmother’s hands, the work that went into the quilts is the reason for importance of saving or preserving them as a family heirloom. â€Å"Maggi e†, knows the true value of the quilts, â€Å"Dee† seems to view them as any other common blanket. Alice Walker stated in the story that Maggie felt like the world never learned to tell Dee no. That is a direct reference to the mother never standing up to Dee and asserting her rightful place. The character types in this story would be one dynamic character, one flat, and one static character. The role of the dynamic character in the story is â€Å"Maggie†, the daughter that is described in detail as well as a very in-depth look at her personal psyche. How Walker builds her character in the story starting from meek and sheepish to end up being the justified victor in the end is classic dynamic character definition. The flat character role in the story would have to be â€Å"Dee† the sister that is described just enough to give the reader an idea of who she is and what she is about. The reader is almost biased toward â€Å"Dee† by the end of reading because of the few details they are given to base their ideas from. The central character in Alice Walkers Everyday Use, the beautiful Dee Johnson, breaks away from her Deep Southern American roots to become the heavily educated, urbanized, modernized young woman who despises her cultural setting†.(Ho el) The static character is the narrator orShow MoreRelatedEveryday Use - the Gift of Family945 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gift of Family Everyday Use is a short story that teaches a value lesson of heritage, inheritance, the past, and one’s family. For some the lesson maybe perceived as an illustration to develop the natural instinct of valuing our family and our past as objects of everyday use. However, the lesson that Alice Walker conveys to her readers is to understand that the value of heritage is within the eye of the beholder. WithinRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1721 Words   |  7 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker summarizes the representation of the beauty, the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses mainly between members of the Johnson family, consisting of a mother and her two daughters. One of the daughters Maggie, who was injured in a house fire and has living a shy life clinging to her mother for security. Her older sister is Dee, who grew up with a grace and natural beauty. â€Å"Dee is lighter th an Maggie, with nicerRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1111 Words   |  5 Pagestheir culture. Alice Walker highlights and distinguishes the dissimilarities and clichà © of country African American women with the actualities that make up their lives. Characterized by short, compound sentences, with long adjectives and use of literary elements, her style is eloquent conversational and authentic. Alice Walker’s short story, Everyday Use is stylistic, ironic and narrates profound interpretation of unique views and approaches to African-American culture. Walker’s use of characterizationRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker962 Words   |  4 Pages In Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use,† this story describes what a continuing theme in her writings is: the depiction of constant harmony and inner struggles and conflicts that the minority culture goes through especially the African-American society. In Alice Walker Short Story â€Å"Everyday Useà ¢â‚¬  it centers on the relationships between a lower class family by the name of Johnson in a small poor rural community. This meeting takes place when the oldest daughter Dee comes home to visit her motherRead MoreReaction to Everyday Use1455 Words   |  6 PagesReaction to Everyday Use Marion Graham English/125 November 12, 2012 Reaction to Everyday Use Everyday Use is a short story written by Alice Walker about a family of three, Mama, the narrator, Maggie her youngest daughter, and Dee, her eldest daughter. Both daughters are completelyRead MoreEssay on Alice Walkers Everyday Use1144 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious ways. When many people think of heritage they think of past generation and where their family comes from. Other people place their heritage on the value of things, such as old quits that are made from something sentimental. In Everyday Use this is exactly how Maggie thinks of heritage. She wants the quits that were handmade out of her grandma’s dresses because to her that is a sign of her heritage. Alice Walker’s story is based on heritage. The narrator of the story has two daughters who couldRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 PagesAlice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use† is a short story included in her collection In Love and Trouble published in 1973. The stor y’s setting takes place in the Deep South during the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s as many â€Å"blacks† were struggling to define their cultural identities (White). Traditions and culture in â€Å"Everyday Use† is portrayed contrastingly between Ms. Johnson and Maggie, who still follow rural black cultural of the south and Dee who has newly adopted a â€Å"native African† culture. An encounterRead MoreDee Versus Maggie: A Struggle For Self-Understanding Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic opportunities many ‘colored people sought ways to escape ‘everyday life and the hardships they often faced. One of these ways came by beginning to express themselves more freely. In addition, as a result, the Harlem Renaissance formed. In Everyday Use, Alice Walker, one of the frontrunners of the Harlem Renaissance, tells the story of an oppressed and under-privileged African American family with differing values on what it means to live, or more imp ortantly, of one who struggles withRead MoreEveryday Use923 Words   |  4 PagesIn her short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† Alice Walker takes up what is a recurrent theme in her work: the representation of the harmony as well as the conflicts and struggles within African-American culture. â€Å"Everyday Use† focuses on an encounter between members of the rural Johnson family. This encounter––which takes place when Dee (the only member of the family to receive a formal education) and her male companion return to visit Dee’s mother and younger sister Maggie––is essentially an encounter betweenRead MoreThe Perception Heritage1016 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Everyday Use†, Alice Walker conveys the story of a mother and her two daughters’ conflicting ideas about their identities and ancestry. Mama is a simple woman that values culture and heritage for its usefulness but also its personal significance. However, her daughter Dee represents a materialistic way of life where culture and heritage are to be valued only for their artistic appeal. Through the use of symbolism and characterization, Walker displays how Mama’s perception of her two daughter

Hotel & Hospitality Management for Hilton Hotel- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHotel Hospitality Management for Hilton Hotel. Answer: Introduction The Hilton Hotel, in Adelaide South Australia is a five star hotel with rooms, suites, dining, fitness and recreation facilities. The rooms are inclusive of guest rooms comprising the Hilton Guest Room, Deluxe Room, and the Deluxe Room Plus. Also, the executive rooms are available. In total, there are three hundred and seventy-four hotel rooms (Www3.hilton.com, 2017). These facilities have a strategic and convenient location in the heart of the city. These, reinforced with supportive staff gives it strength. Moreover, the guests are able to secure many dining destinations, the Central Market, and the Gouger and Chinatown Streets. If one gets a chance to secure the rooms at the buildings front, they will be able to view the Victoria Square. Also, it is a good place for holding social events and meetings. The target business sectors are inclusive of the IT segment, due to the presence of Internet and Wi-Fi facilities. On the other hand, Comfort Inn Manhattan in Adelaide is a 3.5 star a ccommodation coupled with a bar and restaurant located near the major industries, and the best sporting facilities (Inn, 2017). It is found on the northern side of Adelaide, and it is suitable for leisure and business visitors. From Adelaide Convention Centre, it is a fifteen minutes drive, and to the Adelaide Airport, it takes a twenty-five minutes drive. The 40 guestrooms are inclusive of Deluxe twin room, Family Rooms, Deluxe Queen room, and Superior Queen room. General Inform about the Hotels Concerning GDS, both Comfort Inn Manhattan and the Hilton Hotel Adelaide employ it to market their business on the internet. This enables them to span across their geographical boundaries. Hiltons GDS Codes are WorldSpan GDS:HL 05804, Galileo/Apollo GDS:HL 04926, Amadeus GDS:HL ADL215 and the Sabre GDS:HL 009417. Comfort Inn has Galileo/Apollo GDS:CI 08826, Amadeus GDS:CI ADL305, Sabre GDS:CI 047011, and WorldSpan GDS:CI AU305. Hilton has free wired Internet access and Wi-Fi both in the public areas and in the rooms. Similarly, Comfort Inn Manhattan has free Wi-Fi in the barbecue grills, public areas, and the picnic area. Moreover, both hotels enjoy the advantages of phone and online booking. The Hilton Hotel Adelaide has an intermediary; the Hosco, which is a hospitality network. It enables Hilton to get its job applicants for the position like that of the Guest Service Agents (Hosco.com, 2017). These agents work by connecting the guests, the hotel, and the hotel departments. They g ive the guests services from their arrival till they depart. This includes welcoming them, heeding to their inquiries, requests, and complaints. Also, the Comfort Inn Manhattan makes use of intermediaries. For instance, the Wotif online travel company helps it by ensuring it is accessible (Wotif.com, 2017). Recommendation For the purpose of being classy and being within the city, Hilton Adelaide is the choice. This is because, it is a five-star hotel found in the city center. Moreover, it has a wide capacity implying that chances of missing a room are minimal as compared to Comfort Inn Manhattan. However, one can opt for Comfort Inn despite being a 3.5-star hotel to save on costs because most of the services are identical, and the service providers are caring. References Hosco.com. (2017). Guest Service Agent at Hilton Adelaide. [online] Available at: https://www.hosco.com/en/job/hilton-adelaide/guest-service-agent [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Inn, M. (2017). Comfort Inn Manhattan - Enfield - Australia. [online] Manhattanmotorinn.com.au. Available at: https://www.manhattanmotorinn.com.au/ [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Wotif.com. (2017). Comfort Inn Manhattan Deals Reviews (Enfield, Australia) | Wotif. [online] Available at: https://www.wotif.com/Enfield-Hotels-Comfort-Inn-Manhattan.h184779.Hotel-Information [Accessed 24 May 2017]. Www3.hilton.com. (2017). Adelaide Hotels | Hilton Adelaide | Adelaide, SA. [online] Available at: https://www3.hilton.com/en/hotels/south-australia/hilton-adelaide ADLHITW/index.html?WT.mc_id=zELWAKN0APAC1HI2DMH3LocalSearch4DGGenericx6ADLHITW [Accessed 24 May 2017].

Management Theories Organization or Business

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theoriesfor Organization or Business. Answer: Introduction. Management theory refers to set guidelines on how an organization or business can be managed. Management theory explains how an organization management can use various principles to assist in the accomplishment of the set goals and various ways of motivating employees for improved work standards. There are several theories of management, and this task will focus on three historical theories of management which are: a scientific theory of management, bureaucratic management theory and human relation theory of management. The main focus is on the scientific theory and how it compares with other two theories of management (Miller, 2011, p.152). Scientific Management Theory. Scientific management theory was founded by Frederick W. Taylor. Taylor was an engineer and an American Inventor. He had two significant works which were shop management in 1903 and the scientific management principles in 1911. Taylor worked in a steel industry in the early years of his career where he observed inefficiencies among the steel workers whom he came in contact with. This triggered his interest in improving the workers' productivity. He discovered that scientific methods would help improve the workers' productivity greatly. Scientific methods of management emphasized on the performance of tasks to the optimum and making the jobs easier such that training would help the workers perform the tasks they specialized into the best. Before scientific management, skilled artisans were hired to perform the work. They had the freedom to decide how to perform the tasks assigned to them. Scientific management changed this established system of work performance and introduced that ski lled crafts could be converted into easier jobs which unskilled workers would perform after undertaking training (Pike, 2013, p.247). During his work in the steel industry, Frederick Taylor observed that workers operated below their capacity on purpose a phenomenon referred to as soldiering, which he attributed to the following three causes. Workers believe that they would lose their jobs if they increased their productivity since the jobs would become eliminated causing only a few of them to remain in the jobs. Lack of incentives encourages decreased productivity if the workers will be paid at the same wage rate despite how much is produced making an assumption that the worker will make the employer believe that the slow pace is the one required for a given task. Employees avoid working at a faster pace since they fear it will become the set standard. Much effort of employees was wasted due to reliance on the rule-of-thumb methods instead of work methods that are optimal which can be determined by the study of the task scientifically. To solve the challenge of soldering and to increase efficiency, Taylor conducted experiments to establish the performance level which was best for different jobs and the necessary requirements to attain this performance. He came up with the following four principles of scientific management. Replacement of rule- of -thumb methods of work with those methods whose basis is studying the task in a scientific way. Developing, training and selecting each employee scientifically rather than leaving them to train themselves passively. Cooperate with the employees to make sure that the methods of work developed scientifically are being adhered to. Sharing the work almost equally between the employees and managers, such that the managers can plan the work using the principles of scientific management and the performance of the task can be done by the workers. Although scientific principles of management increased productivity, they had some drawbacks. Work monotony was increased, and job dimensions which were crucial such as task identity, skill variety and task significance were lacking. In many cases, the workers accepted the new ways of work although in some cases they were not acceptable. Despite these drawbacks, scientific management helped in changing the way tasks were performed and its principles are applicable even today (Rosenbern, 2016, p.11). Bureaucratic Management Theory. Bureaucratic management refers to an organization system which is formal and whose basis is roles and hierarchical levels which are defined clearly with the aim of maintaining effectiveness and efficiency. Max Weber was the founder of bureaucratic management theory whose main focus is establishing lines of authority and control which are strong by using hierarchies to divide organizations. The following are the characteristics of bureaucracy according to Max Weber. Activities which are regular are in a fixed way distributed as official duties. The ability to give commands necessary for the discharge of these tasks is in a stable way distributed and is controlled by rules which may be placed at the official's disposal. Trained employees are required for the performance of these duties hence only workers with the required skills can be hired. Bureaucratic management theory compares and contrasts in several ways with the scientific management theory. The similarity is that they belong to the early classical school of thought and they aim to increase managerial efficiency by defining organization structure and management. However, the contrast occurs because the bureaucratic management theory focuses on formal processes, specialization, and hierarchy while scientific management theory emphasizes efficiency and improvements of work methods (Gassman, 2016, p.56). Human relations theory. This theory was founded by Elton Mayo in the 1930s. He was an American sociologist, and he discovered that the human factor in the places of work was neglected in the classical theories of management. To prove the importance of employees in an organization, he began his experiments widely known as the Hawthorne studies. He identified that workers prefer being part of a supportive team that contributes to growth and development which motivate them to increase their productivity which results in high quality of work. He identified the following principles of human relation approach; Human beings need appreciation and recognition apart from financial gains Employees are human beings and hence should not be treated like machines. Managers are supposed to consider the emotions and feelings of employees. Informal relations are important in organization hence they should be encouraged by the managers. Job satisfaction and job security should be given to workers by the management. Conflicts and misunderstanding should be avoided at all costs in an organization. The scientific management theory and human relations theory are similar in that they both focused on the best way to bring productivity in the organizations. The two theories contrast in certain ways. Scientific theory view employees as work machines and incentives can be used as a motivation for improved productivity while human relations theory emphasizes that other factors rather than financial gains are necessary so as to motivate employees to improve their productivity. Another contrast is that scientific theory belongs to the early classical school of thought while human relation theory belongs to the neoclassical school of thought. The Significance of the Theories in Organizations. Management theories are very relevant in the organizations today. Most principles and guidelines used in the workplaces borrow richly from these theories. Bureaucratic theory of management which focused on hierarchy and formal processes has helped in the easier administration of organizations since the management is structured such that there is a chain of command from the top management to the bottom. The employees can report any issue to their supervisor who forwards it to the top management hence any problem that may arise is easily detected. The scientific theory of management has been responsible for constant improvements in organizations. It has led to good job definitions, improved business operations and application of just in time manufacturing which has led to efficiency in the workplace. Human relations theory has contributed greatly to the improvement of organizations in that employees are viewed as important assets in the organization. They are offered favorable working conditions such as leaves, bonuses, and opportunities to improve their skills among others. These factors motivate workers which lead to improved work performance which contributes positively to the organization (Manmood, 2012, P.648.). Many organizations have benefited from the application of the management theories. Two such organizations are The British Airways and California State University. In 1981, British Airways engaged a new chairperson who helped restructure the company. Before then the company was running in an inefficient way, and valuable resources were being wasted. The chairperson introduced a chain of command such that the supervisor would monitor the employees work. Training was also significant to improve the skills of the workers. Employees welfare was considered, and they were motivated in other ways rather than incentives. This application of the theories of management led to tremendous growth of the organization. In the California state university, they were having a challenge with their IT system. The system change which normally happens on the main campus has to pass through its 23 satellite campuses where it serves many students and employees. This made the university management to institut e a change system which is automated so as to make automatic changes to the whole system. This made them apply human factor and structure the organization such that the roles of employees were defined to minimize confusion. This has led to work efficiency in the university since the IT system can easily be coordinated. From the above, this paper arrives at the conclusion that management theories have contributed greatly to improve the work performance of organizations which has led to increased growth. The organizations are well structured for better management and employees are viewed as important assets in any organization. References. Anheier, H.K., 2014.Non-profit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy. Routledge. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice: Kogan Page Publishers Chokar, J.S., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: Routledge. Gassman, O. 2016.Exploring the role of popular management theories. (pp.47-76). Springer International Publishing. George, G. 2015.Expanding context to redefine theories: Africa in management research. Public management review, 11(01). Manhood, Z., Basharat, M., 2012.Review of classical management theories. International of social sciences and education, 2(1).pp. 512-5120. Miller, K.D. 2011.Testing management theories: Critical realist philosophy and research methods. Strategic management journal, 32(2) pp.139-158. Myers, M.D. 2013. Qualitative research in business and management. Sage. Pike, S.D., 2013.Destinations, marketing, and management. Theories and application. Tourism Management, 3(4), pp.247-248. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M., 2012. Management. Rosenbern, J., and Ferlie.E.2016.Applying strategic management theories in public sector organizations: Developing a typology. Public management review, 18(1), pp.1-19. Van, D. 2015. Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Philosophy Of The Human Person Essay Sample free essay sample

The last faculty discussed the gradual separation between mythology and doctrine in the Grecian civilization. Mythology had a great influence over the development of doctrine. It provided constructs. images and narrations that were appropriated. criticized or flatly rejected by doctrine. While there may be a â€Å"break† between mythology and doctrine. doctrine still relied on the fabulous inclination to narrate in a poetic manner – that is. in in writing and ocular footings that were easy understood. Furthermore. the early philosophers still had to turn to the myths in order to foster their ain constructs about the universe and humanity. But the inquiry is why are we concentrating ourselves in Greek doctrine? Are at that place no other doctrines in the universe contemporary to the clip of the early Greeks? I. Doctrine – Where Did It Come From? To state that doctrine originated downright from the Greeks is a error. The mere fact that every civilisation in the whole universe has its ain set of fabulous narrations implies that there is a possibility for every civilisation to develop its ain set of doctrine. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Of The Human Person Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another thing. it is besides a fact that there are other booming doctrines in other parts of the universe that precede. about coincident to or contemporary with Grecian doctrine. We can name Buddhist. Hindu and Confucian doctrines as illustrations. There are besides surveies that say Grecian doctrine is influenced by or derived functions of the mystical humanistic disciplines of Egypt and other Near East civilizations and faiths. Whatever the instance. there is no unequivocal reply as to the beginning of doctrine itself. There is far excessively much correlativity among civilizations. civilisations. faiths and myths to merely nail the exact location of the beginning of doctrine itself. It is hence non a inquiry of where. Rather. we must inquire: what is particular among the Greeks that we readily tie in doctrine with them? The influence of Greek doctrine is undeniable. From the clip of its origin in the sixth century BCE until the Hellenistic times. its incorporation into the Roman universe until today. there can be no equivalent to the monolithic part of Grecian doctrine to about every organic structure of cognition we have. Much of Western idea may be credited to Greek doctrine. so much so that Alfred Whitehead. a philosopher himself. says that â€Å"European philosophical tradition is a series of footers to Plato. † While we may state that Grecian doctrine itself is a merchandise of both Western and Eastern myths. faith. divinity and cosmology. we have to acknowledge that doctrine as we understand it now. is a Grecian creative activity. It seems that the Greeks taught themselves how to ground. II. What Made the Greeks Different? A cautiousness must be made when stating â€Å"Greek† in depicting doctrine. While it is true that the trade name of doctrine being discussed here is â€Å"Greek† . non every Grecian culture/society can be credited with the development of doctrine. Example: the Spartans were Greeks but they neer had any strain of philosophical motion. The Athenians and Milesians were Greeks and they contributed to philosophy. The Ionians were Grecian people but they were non from Greece itself – they are from contemporary Turkey. What is being referred to here. hence. are the peculiar Greeks who have a manus in the development of doctrine itself. So. what was different among these peculiar Greeks that doctrine flourished among them? First. those metropoliss where doctrine bloomed were metropoliss with wealth. In the ancient times. most affluent civilisations were affluent due to their agricultural advantages. Examples in this instance are Egypt. Babylon and Mesopotamia. However. Grecian metropoliss like Athens and Miletus are non agricultural lands. Therefore. the wealth of these metropoliss can merely be explained by another beginning – that is trade. But the economic status of the metropoliss entirely can non explicate how and why doctrine flourishes in that certain metropolis. In the first topographic point. Egypt and Babylon are far richer than the Grecian metropoliss but they have non seen a growing in doctrine. This can be explained by the civilization that an agricultural society Fosters compared to that of a society that relies on trade. Agricultural civilisations normally become autocratic societies that value conformance above others. Independence of head and creativeness of ideas are non tolera ted. This is extremely seen in Egyptian society – the absolute regulation lies on the Pharaoh and those who are non in the Pharaoh’s societal category are provincials or slaves coerced or seized for labour and revenue enhancements. On the other manus. a metropolis that relies on trade Fosters considerable independency – being far off from place and authorization. covering with fresh thoughts. patterns. civilizations and peoples. Discovery. wonder and the independency to treat the changing thoughts from different civilizations allow so for a originative ambiance that encourages philosophical thought. Yet once more. a trading metropolis entirely can non explicate why doctrine can turn in a certain topographic point. There is a much more ancient metropolis engaging in trade than Athens – that is Phoenicia. but doctrine has neer taken root among them. However. the Greeks learned something from the Phoenicians – the 2nd ground being the phonic alphabet adapted by the Greeks from the Phoenicians during their trading yearss. Unlike that of the Egyptian hieroglyphs. the Phoenician alphabet was more flexible in its application since it did non necessitate excessively many images to show a idea. Not merely that. since the hieroglyphs were besides more ritualistic and spiritual in application. it was entirely for those intents merely that it was used. unlike the Phoenician alphabet. Ideas recorded through the phonic alphabet therefore had more opportunities of being understood. spread. interpreted and preserved for other coevalss. But non merely that. the Phoenicians have bes ides founded settlements all over the Mediterranean throughout their history so that some Grecian philosophers really have Phoenician lineage. The first philosopher. Thales. is said to hold Phoenician lineage though he resides in a Grecian metropolis. Again. accommodating a phonic alphabet entirely can non explicate why doctrine can develop. There is a alone event in the history of Greece – that is the 3rd ground: the loss of the establishment of kingship. This has neer happened before in any of the other civilisations. When ancient male monarchs are overthrown. they are merely replaced by other male monarchs. Particularly in Greece. male monarchs have been replaced by the office of the archon ( ruler/regent ) who is elected to the office with life term of office at first by virtuousness of his baronial birth. But subsequently on. the office of trustee was opened by a adult male named Solon to an one-year term of office by virtuousness of a man’s wealth. instead than baronial birth. After a few battles with some autocrats. a adult male named Cleisthenes ushered an basically pure democracy. The creative activity of wealth by trade therefore eroded the traditional authorization and kingship of Grecian swayers. This has given manner to a new category in society who chafed at familial privileges and has the agencies to marshal forces against the same governments. How can a category like this emerge? That is through the development of coined money. the 4th ground. Coinage was invented in Lydia. The Lydians were non Greeks but they worked closely with them. giving rise to wealthy metropoliss such as Miletus. one of the ancient hotbeds of doctrine. Coinage enhanced societal mobility but besides facilitated political struggles that farther degraded the traditional powers of male monarchs among Grecian metropoliss. The 5th ground why doctrine took root among the Greeks is the subject of the two old faculties: the separation between mythology and rational chases. Grecian mythologies are non merely narratives – they are a critical portion of their faith. But of all time since Thales and the other philosophers started to sabotage the credibleness of myths. Grecian faith grew steadily apart from doctrine. III. Why Grecian Doctrine – A Decision Although it can be pointed out that the causal connexion between doctrine and the above-named grounds is non direct. the correlativity between doctrine and metropoliss that have undergone dramatic alterations in their commercialism and political relations is obvious. Ionia is one of the wealthiest and most active metropoliss in Greece – and it is where doctrine has started. From Ionia ( where Thales. Anaximander. Anaximenes. Heraclitus and Xenophanes come from ) . it spread to Italy ( Pythagoras. Parmenides. Zeno ) . Sicily ( Empedocles ) . northern Aegean ( Democritus. Protagoras ) . to Ionia once more ( Melissos ) and Athens ( Socrates. Plato. Aristotle ) . The commercial democracy that developed in Greece. particularly in Athens. provided the societal and rational context where doctrine can turn. Indeed. even now. whenever we think of doctrine. we think of Greece ; and whenever we think of Greece. we think of Athens. Such is the influence of Athens in doctrine ( due to Socr ates. Plato and Aristotle ) ; and such is the influence of the Greeks in doctrine. Questions: Answers to the inquiries must be placed on a whole sheet of paper. 1. Research the economic. political and cultural state of affairs of Sparta and explicate. establishing from the above-named grounds. why doctrine did non boom at that place. ( 20 points ) 2. If doctrine by chance flourished in the Philippines in the ancient times. what do you believe is the cardinal theme/content of our doctrine? Explain. ( 20 points )

Free Essays on Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career, which lasted more than 75 years, he created thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using all kinds of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art. He changed art more profoundly than any other artist of this century. First famous for his pioneering role in Cubism, Picasso continued to develop his art with a pace and vitality comparable to the accelerated technological and cultural changes of the twentieth century. Each change embodied a radical new idea, and it might be said that Picasso lived several artistic lifetimes. Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, son of an artist, Jose Ruiz, and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name Ruiz, the young Picasso took the rarer name of his mother. An artistic prodigy, Picasso, at the age of 14, completed the one-month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day. From there he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning in 1900 to Barcelona, where he frequented the city's famous cabaret of intellectuals and artists, Els Quatre Gats. The years of 1901 to 1904, known as the "blue period" because of the blue tonality of Picasso's paintings were a time of frequent changes of residence between Barcelona and Paris. During this period, he would spend his days in Paris studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights enjoying the company of fellow artists at cabarets like the Lapin Agile. 1905 and 1906 marked a radical change in color and mood for Picasso. He became fascinated with the acrobats, clowns and wandering families of the circus world. He started to paint in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his "rose period." In 1907, Picasso painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,"... Free Essays on Pablo Picasso Free Essays on Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso was probably the most famous artist of the twentieth century. During his artistic career, which lasted more than 75 years, he created thousands of works, not only paintings but also sculptures, prints, and ceramics, using all kinds of materials. He almost single-handedly created modern art. He changed art more profoundly than any other artist of this century. First famous for his pioneering role in Cubism, Picasso continued to develop his art with a pace and vitality comparable to the accelerated technological and cultural changes of the twentieth century. Each change embodied a radical new idea, and it might be said that Picasso lived several artistic lifetimes. Picasso was born on October 25, 1881, in Malaga, Spain, son of an artist, Jose Ruiz, and Maria Picasso. Rather than adopt the common name Ruiz, the young Picasso took the rarer name of his mother. An artistic prodigy, Picasso, at the age of 14, completed the one-month qualifying examination of the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona in one day. From there he went to the Academy of San Fernando in Madrid, returning in 1900 to Barcelona, where he frequented the city's famous cabaret of intellectuals and artists, Els Quatre Gats. The years of 1901 to 1904, known as the "blue period" because of the blue tonality of Picasso's paintings were a time of frequent changes of residence between Barcelona and Paris. During this period, he would spend his days in Paris studying the masterworks at the Louvre and his nights enjoying the company of fellow artists at cabarets like the Lapin Agile. 1905 and 1906 marked a radical change in color and mood for Picasso. He became fascinated with the acrobats, clowns and wandering families of the circus world. He started to paint in subtle pinks and grays, often highlighted with brighter tones. This was known as his "rose period." In 1907, Picasso painted "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,"...

Marketing of University of Wollongong in China Term Paper

Marketing of University of Wollongong in China - Term Paper Example For environmental scanning, PESTLE analysis has been done. The major findings of this analysis show that Chinese education sector is free from government interference, however, government policies regulate the sector. The high economic growth, increasing population, changing social patterns of students for educational needs, increasing technological developments and flexible legal environment offers huge opportunities to the foreign universities; however, cultural differences appear as a major challenge for international universities. Based on the findings of PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis for the University of Wollongong in China has been conducted. Market audit shows that a number of universities are already offering international level education opportunities in China, however; they have been unable to meet the needs of a huge Chinese student population. Competitors’ analysis has shown that foreign universities operating in China are having profitable operations however, th ey are unable to overcome the cultural differences between UK and China therefore; expatriate-staff is facing huge problems. In consideration to internal and external environment analysis, the marketing plan has been proposed by covering 7Ps of service marketing and marketing objectives have been identified. This report is very useful to understand the challenges and opportunities faced by international universities in the Chinese markets. Moreover, it is also helpful to understand the theoretical concepts in the real world. The service that has been selected for this report is an educational institution, University of Wollongong. The plan is to launch a campus of the University of Wollongong in China. The University of Wollongong is a university in Australia and a few years back it established its campus in Dubai, UAE. Today, it is one of the renowned universities in Australia.  

Human nature and Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human nature and Western civilization - Essay Example No one can call a place West. Civilization - what does it mean? Around three hundred years ago European intellectuals, inspired by the astonishing cultural changes they had witnessed over the previous century, began to develop the concept of â€Å"civilization† as a way of describing the differences they perceived between their manner of understanding the world and that of other peoples. These intellectuals were convinced that their fellow Europeans had recently discovered the one true way of understanding nature, including human nature, and that they had done so by liberating themselves from the prejudices, superstitions and dogmatic ignorance of those that had preceded them. The label â€Å"civilization† was born in this context as a term of collective description connoting the â€Å"advanced† beliefs, practices, and cultural habits which the Europeans had acquired. For Europeans â€Å"civilization† was the benefit they had received from the intellectual upheavals which had overturned medieval barbarism and ignorance. Similarly, when Europeans began to travel around the globe on their many voyages of discovery and conquest, they carried their notion of â€Å"civilization† with them, using it to describe the differences they saw between their manner of viewing things and those of the people they encountered. The idea of â€Å"Western Civilization† was thus born when Europeans began to employ the new concept of â€Å"civilization† to contrast the European approach to life and nature (which they believed to be the one, true, â€Å"modern† way of viewing things) with that of non-Europeans. In this respect, the concept of â€Å"Western Civilization† emerged in... The essay focuses on human nature and Western civilization and their terms. Take for example, human nature. What's human nature? Is it different from human behavior? . Human nature is affected by both genetic and experiential factors. People develop just the way they are because of the social circumstances they were born in and in the context of their genetic potential. How about civilization? What does it mean? The label â€Å"civilization† was born in this context as a term of collective description connoting the â€Å"advanced† beliefs, practices, and cultural habits which the Europeans had acquired. For Europeans â€Å"civilization† was the benefit they had received from the intellectual upheavals which had overturned medieval barbarism and ignorance. Similarly, when Europeans began to travel around the globe on their many voyages of discovery and conquest, they carried their notion of â€Å"civilization† with them, using it to describe the differences they saw between their manner of viewing things and those of the people they encountered. The essay's conclusion focuses on this point. One handles emotions by society and genetic predisposition as mentioned. In the end though, we can determine that power struggle and that desire to be the leader of the pack still governs the motivations of people in the course of human history. May it be from the deep dirges of history or with different forms of government, humans will be humans and will continue to have the same weaknesses, just different manifestations as dictated by time.

Independent project Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Independent project - Literature review Example Epistemology seeks out sources of knowledge that has logical application to the cognitive level of every researcher. Those who conduct an inquiry must endeavor to utilize processes as tools for investigation to clarify, justify, and rationalize a phenomenon (Goldman, 1986). Epistemologists usually adapt a normative action to socially theorize an event on its moral basis: is this objective or subjective? Is this deontological or consequentialist? Or, is this absolutist or pluralist? (Goldman, 1986 p.3) Researcher evaluates ideas and arguments, propositions and sentences in deductive or inductive logical processes. Hence, the epistemic component of the study relates to the inferences in the formation of belief or rational conclusions (Goldman, 1986). As such, social epistemology looks into the impact of different patterns in social interaction—its forms, styles, arguments, and the critical interfacing of facts, controversies, assumptions, and theoretical frameworks arising from a phenomenon under study. Heidegger explained that ontology is the doctrine of being and such has interrelation with phenomenology. Ontology explicates the nature of social reality, (Dreyfus & Wrathall, 2005) explores more assumptions, and the categorical character of the subject of research. The ontological side of the study focused on facticity. Researcher would therefore take into the process of engaging, approaching, explaining, questioning and accessing information to determine the subject’s facticity (Dreyfus, et. al., 2005). The epistemic and ontological component of research is often elaborated in related literatures and in the analysis. Methodology refers to systemic procedures on how a research should be undertaken and about how subject of the study is procedurally explicated-- whether it’s qualitative, quantitative and mixed. Methodology also explains the kind of research instruments which will be utilized in generating and consolidating data or evidences.

Job Satisfaction Analysis

Job Satisfaction Analysis Internal Factors Regarding the student surveyed, from Figure, almost half of the respondents dissatisfied their current job on training period, conversely only around 20 percent who are satisfied and neutral their current job respectively. There are fewer percentage of strongly satisfied and strongly dissatisfied their job. Although there are almost half of the respondents dissatisfied their current job, it still have 22 percent respondents satisfied their job. According to the student surveyed, from Figure , most of the respondents select good relationship with colleagues as their main reason of job satisfaction. Base on this question the respondents can select more than one choice as a result the total number is 77. However, flexibility working hour and satisfied staff benefits are not the main reason affect job satisfaction by 17 and 16 results respectively, it is shown that there is a huge disparity compare with the result of good relationship with colleagues. It can be analyze that employees are more concern their relationship with colleagues to effect the job satisfaction, thus influence the turnover rate.  Ã‚   External factor As can be seem from the students surveyed, the result shown that most of the respondents are chosen rapid growth of hotel industry and government policy are two main external factors influence turnover rate are chosen by 26 and 18 results respectively. Base on this question the respondents can select more than one choice so that the total number in this question is 62. Besides, non-local employees and inflation are only chosen by 8 and 10 results respectively. It seem that the survey can reflect the respondents view the impact of high turnover rate owing to rapid growth of hotel industry and government policy. Rapid growth of hotel industry Rapid growth of hotel industry may increase turnover way due to the same manpower pool. The number of hotel rooms in Hong Kong needs to be almost doubled in the next 10 years, according to the head of a government economic task force (Siu and Nip). The reason of sharply increase the number of hotel rooms probably relevant impact of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge and the high-speed cross-border railway. In response to satisfy a large demand of tourists, hotels need to absorb enormous quality employees so that can maintain the standard of quality. However, due to the labor supply is not able to meet the demand in the market; the existing employees may try to seek to better jobs due to availability choice (Lei). Even there isfresh graduates study in hotel management in every year but not all graduates will work in the hotel industry (The Greatest Challenge). Heavy workload, shift work, overtime working those reasons may affect the graduate’s select hotel industry as their careen. Owing to the limitation of labor, the existing staff can be selective in their choice of employment since rapid growth of hotel industry. For instance, the less favorable job like stewards, food and beverage servers and room attendants are especially high turnover way, owing to heavy workload and lack of attractiveness (Lei). To attract those indispensable front office staff, many hotels are willing to provide high salary and better position to effectively attract employees (Lei). Therefore, more employees will terminate their employment to choose the job with valuable benefits. Government policies Statutory Minimum Wage policy Statutory Minimum Wage may force employer to disband their employee or expropriate the original fringe benefits such as staff’s meal, uniform and break period to compensate the additional cost related to this policy (Hong Kong workers.). Employee compensation is one of the largest costs in hotel (Su, Heo and Leung). Even though the Minimum Wage Ordinance was HKD 30 per hour since 2013, the average hourly wage in hotel employees was about HKD62 (Su, Heo and Leung). Although the policy can balance the excessively low wages and prevent the loss of low-paid jobs (Labor Department), it also affects high turnover way due to job dissatisfaction. In order to recoup the additional cost, some hotel may decrease employee benefits or hired more part-time employee to recover the cost thus destroy relationship. For instance, some hotel kept employing their staff on a basic salary and did not offer them a perpetual job (Su, Heo and Leung). Other example, some hotel had changed to pay their room attendants based on the number of the rooms they had been cleaned instead of pay the working hour after the implementation of Statutory Minimum Wage Policy (Su, Heo and Leung). If the room attendants take longer time to make up certain rooms that supervisor assigned to them, they need to work overtime without compensation. It may definitely affect employee job satisfaction as a result increase turnover rate. It is a common knowledge that develop a good relationship between employer and employee can probably reduce turnover way. However, Statutory Minimum Wage policy was give stress to employers to maintain their limited cost so that upward pressure to employees and dissatisfied on job satisfaction. Employers tend to reduce the number of employees and shortening the staff working hours to prevent compensation (Su, Heo and Leung). Also, recruit more part-time employees to replace the full-time employees due to effective and easily to maintain offset cost increase. Therefore, the authors had mentioned that hotel tend to reduce the cost of fringe cost as their cost minimization strategy (Su, Heo and Leung). In view of employees confront the work environment that without unpaid break and change the staff’s menu to reduce their staff benefit, they virtually heighten the negative attitude in work environment and job satisfaction as a result cause employees to move to other industries. References Lei, Lam, The Challenges of the Labor Shortage in Macau’s Hotel Industry. University of Nevada. Las Vegas, December 2011: 21-27. Web. 31 March. 2014 http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2153context=these>sdissertations> Lo, Wei. â€Å"Hong Kong hotels accused of not paying minimum wage in job ‘trial periods’.† South China Morning Post 15 August, 2012. Web. 1 April, 2014 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1014884/hong-kong-hotels-accused-not-paying-minimum-wage-job-trial-periods> â€Å"The Greatest Challenge for HR in Hotel Industry: Manpower Shortage† Career Times20April. 2001: 20. Web. 1 March 2014. http://www.ctgoodjobs.hk/english/article/show_article.asp?title=the-greatest-challenge-for-hr-in-hotel-industry-manpower-shortagecategory_id=1107article_id=10432listby=datelistby_id=page=13> Su, Mia, Cindy Heo and Daniel Leung. â€Å"Hotel Employees Perception of the Statutory Minimum Wage Policy in Hong Kong.† Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. 2013: 2-6. Web. 31 March 2014 http://www.tandfonline.com.eproxy2.lib.hku.hk/doi/abs/10.1080/10941665.2013.852115#.Uzu98_mSzT8 > Siu, Phila, and Amy Nip. â€Å"Hong Kong needs to double hotel rooms in 10 years† South China Morning Post. 05 July. 2013. Web. 31 March 2014 http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1275375/double-hotel-rooms-needed-10-years-accommodate-enormous-rise-visitors > Labour Department. â€Å"Statutory minimum wage.† 2013. Web. 01 April 2014 http://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/smw/Concise_Guide_to_SMW_2013.pdf > â€Å"Hong Kong workers to enjoy minimum wage for first time.† BBC 01 May 2011. Web. 01 April. 2014 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13248027>

The Tragedy of Dr. Faustus - Analysis of Doctor Faustus Final Soliloqu

The Tragedy of Dr. Faustus - Analysis of Doctor Faustus' Final Soliloquy Dr. Turk’s comments: This is a good example of close analysis. The writer pays attention not only to what the character says, but also to his actions, or non-action, to make his conclusions about the character of Dr. Faustus. Â   Doctor Faustus' final soliloquy takes place during his last hour to live before his deal with the devil expires and he is carried off to spend eternity in hell. At this point, he has turned down every opportunity to repent of his sins and call on God to save him from eternal damnation. Faustus spends his last hour in wishful thoughts of ways to escape his impending doom. There is no repentance, though, and in the end, he is carried off to hell to spend eternity separated from God. Faustus' soliloquy begins as the clock strikes eleven, pronouncing to Faustus that he has only one hour before his eternal punishment begins. Faustus knows his fate is at hand and begins his soliloquy by wishing that time would stand still so that midnight would never come or that the sun, "Fair Nature's eye," would rise again and make the day everlasting (XIII, 62). Faustus then moves from wishing that midnight wouldn't come altogether to merely wishing that his last hour would be stretched out to "A year, a month, a week, a natural day/ That Faustus may repent and save his soul" (XIII, 64-65). He spends his last hour wishing for more time to repent instead of using the time he already has to repent. After giving up on the notion of obtaining more time, he then decides that he will look to God and acknowledges that one drop of Christ's blood can save him. Instead of calling on God to save him, though, he turns his attention back to the devi... ...d for an escape when all he really needs to do is look upward. Lucifer does not send Faustus to hell, Faustus sends himself by not accepting the gift of salvation that God freely offers him right up until the end. In his final hour, Faustus comes to the realization that he is getting the short end of the deal he has made with the devil and how even all the power he had possessed is fleeting in the face of eternity. Faustus' final soliloquy is a realistic look inside the mind of someone who stands on the threshold of forever and knows his destination. After reading this, one should either rejoice that he or she will not have to face the same fate as Faustus, or recognize that he or she is walking the same road and repent. Â   Work Cited: Marlowe, Christopher Dr Faustus in ed. WB Worthen The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama, 2nd edn., Texas: Harcourt Brace 1996.

Violence Against Women in India

Andhra Pradesh and Delhi have a special place in annals of crimes against women in India in recent times. If we are to take a look at the statistics provided by the National Crime Records Bureau, Andhra Pradesh has figured consistently in 2008, 2009 and 2010 as the state with highest incidences of crime against women; and Delhi, similarly has figured as the city with highest incidences of crime against women in the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. Let me restate the figures and illustrate just a few preliminary findings.Andhra Pradesh: Collated statistics for 2008-2010 A total of 76, 924 incidents of crime against women have been recorded from 2008-2010. This is the highest in India for a state and Andhra Pradesh topped this dubious list each consecutive year for three years till 2010. 2011 statistics are awaited. As per categories of crime, crime against women constitutes the second or third largest category in crimes in Andhra Pradesh. A total of 3,807 cases of rape have been recorded fo r the same period, which constitutes 4. 4% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 14,511 cases of molestation have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 18. 86% of total incidence of crime against women. A total of 11,633 cases of sexual harassment (eve-teasing) have been recorded for the same period, which constitutes 15. 12% of total incidence of crime against women. Rapes, molestations and sexual harassment (eve-teasing) constituted 38. 93% of crimes against women in Andhra Pradesh in 2008-2010.Women in the age group of 18-30 years were most vulnerable to rape, followed by the women in age group of 14-18 years. In all the 3,807 rape cases that had been recorded in Andhra Pradesh between 2008-2010, the offenders were known to the victims. The picture in Karnataka is better, with 18. 2% of married women in this age group being subjected to physical violence, 3. 2% to sexual assault and 6. 9% to emotional domestic violence. But the Bihar story is horrif ying where the percentage of physical violence is as high as 56%.Tamil Nadu is at a close second with 40. 2%. The number of cases registered under Protection of Women From Domestic Violence (DV) Act, 2005, has increased to 7,802 in 2009 from 5,643 in 2008. Andhra Pradesh registered 2,710 cases under the DV act, the highest in any state in 2009. The NFHS-3 has further stated: â€Å"81% of married women between 15 and 49 years, who have experienced physical or sexual violence from husbands, have for the first time faced it within five years of marriage. † Being slapped is the most common form of physical violence that married women experience. Of 35% married women subjected to any form of physical violence, 97% were slapped and 1% of them experienced life- threatening violence in the form of being choked or burned or being threatened or attacked with a weapon,† the study said. Union minister for women and child welfare Krishna Tirath recently proposed the idea of training first-class judicial and metropolitan magistrates on how to deal with cases filed under Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

Capybara Facts (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

Capybara Facts (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. Its common name comes from the Tupi phrase kaapià »ara, which means grass eater. The scientific name means water hog. Capybaras are related to guinea pigs, rock cavies, coypu, and chinchillas. Fast Facts: Capybara Scientific Name: Hydrochoerus hydrochaerisCommon Names: Capybara, chigà ¼ire, chigà ¼iro, carpincho, water hogBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 3.5-4.4 feetWeight: 77-146 poundsLifespan: 4 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Wetlands of South AmericaPopulation: AbundantConservation Status: Least Concern Description The capybara has a barrel-shaped body and blunt muzzle, somewhat resembling a pig. The brittle fur is reddish-brownish in color and paler on the belly. The animals ears, eyes, and nose are high on its face so it can remain above water when the rodent is submerged. The capybara has a vestigial tail and partially webbed feet. On average, adult capybaras are 3.5 to 4.4 feet in length, stand about two feet tall, and weigh between 77 and 146 pounds. Females are slightly larger than males, with the largest recorded female weighing just over 200 pounds. Both males and females have anal scent glands and a special snout scent gland, called a morillo. The morillo is a distinctive feature of a capybaras face. Richard Evans / EyeEm, Getty Images Habitat and Distribution All South American countries except Chile are home to capybaras. The animals live in wetlands and near bodies of water. Escaped captive capybaras are found in Florida, but its unknown whether they have established a breeding population. Diet Capybaras are herbivores that graze upon grasses, fruit, tree bark, and aquatic plants. They eat their own feces and regurgitated food to help digest cellulose and retain gut flora. Their teeth grow continuously to compensate for the wear from grinding food. Behavior Although capybaras are excellent swimmers, they are able to run as fast as a horse on land. During the day, the rodents wallow in mud to stay cool. They graze before dawn, late in the afternoon, and into the evening. They often sleep in water with only their noses exposed to air. Capybaras use their scent glands and urine to mark territory. Females scent-mark areas more often during the mating season. Males mark females as well as objects. Reproduction and Offspring Capybaras live in herds of up to twenty individuals. Within the group, there is one dominant males, additional submissive males, females, and young. The dominant male has breeding rights to all of the females, but he cant oversee them all the time, so many of the submissive males also mate. Mating occurs once a year during the rainy season, which may be in April or May (Venezuela) or October or November (Brazil). A females scent changes when she is in estrus, plus she whistles through her nose to advertise fertility. Males pursue females and mate with them in the water. After 130 to 150 days of gestation, the female gives birth on land to a litter of one to eight young. The average litter size is four offspring. Baby capybaras are mobile, and they typically resemble their parents. The female and her young return to the water within a few hours of birth. The young may nurse from any female in the group. They start to eat grass after a week and are weaned around 16 weeks. Capybaras become sexually mature between one and two years of age. Young males often leave the herd when mature. Captive capybaras may live 8 to 10 years. Wild animals only live four years on average because they are popular prey for anacondas, jaguars, eagles, caimans, pumas, ocelots, and humans. Capybara young are miniature versions of their parents. Kevin Schafer, Getty Images Conservation Status Capybara conservation status is classified as least concern by the IUCN. The species is widely distributed and reproduces quickly. In some areas, hunting has diminished capybara numbers, but for the most part the population is stable and abundant. Capybaras and Humans Capybaras are hunted primarily for their meat and skin, although there is also a market for their fat, which is believed to have medicinal value. Ranchers sometimes kill the rodents because they compete with livestock for grazing. Capys are also farmed and kept in zoos. In some places, it is legal to keep a capybara as a pet. The animals are gentle and tolerate hand-feeding and petting. Sources Macdonald, D. W.; Krantz, K.; Aplin, R. T. Behavioral anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking among Capybaras (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris) (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Journal of Zoology. 202 (3): 341–360, 1984. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05087.xMurphey, R.; Mariano, J.; Mouraduarte, F. Behavioral observations in a capybara colony (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 14: 89, 1985. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90040-1Reid, F. Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T10300A22190005. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10300A22190005.enWoods, C.A. and C.W. Kilpatrick. Infraorder Hystricognathi. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1556, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Placebo Effect essays

Placebo Effect essays Medicines that are prescribed to patients can commonly have several effects. Some of the depend directly on medicines pharmacological action; others may have a psychological effect that readily cures or relieves the symptoms troubling the patient, though they may not have any actual pharmacological action. This is known as the placebo effect. The word placebo comes from the Latin verb placere which means, to please Or, placebo is any treatment devoid of any specific actions on the patients symptoms or diseases that somehow can cause an effect upon the patient. The placebo effect is a much-debated phenomenon in medicine. This paper will consist of three topics of discussion. First, what are the two categories of illness to be considered when discussing the placebo effect? Second, what does Pavlovs Theory have to do with the placebo effect and how it relates to stress-induced illnesses. Third, how does the placebo effect relate to the patient/doctor relationship? Does the placebo effec t have the same validity when measured against serious illnesses that typically respond to chemical treatments (such as cancer, Aids, and other bacterial or cellular diseases) as when measured against stress-induced illnesses or symptoms such as asthma, migraine headaches, or blood-pressure/heart conditions? When debating the effectiveness of the placebo effect, consideration must be given to two types of illnesses that car or cannot be affected. They are: stress-related illnesses such as hypertension, asthma, high blood-pressure, migraine and other types of headaches etc. versus genetically environmentally caused illnesses such as Cancer, Aids, heart disease, diabetes, etc. The stress related illnesses are said to show that when the placebo effect works it does so in 7 to 64 % of cases; however, the result are not the same when treating more serious illnesse...

Best Practice Articles Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Practice Articles Report - Essay Example They form the informed generation. They can move with ease on the changes in technology. Therefore, they better understand the social market. However, they should not be allowed to lead because they lack the qualifications needed. Companies, just like people, promote their friends. Therefore, B-to-B marketers need to create relationships with their customers to make sales. They should also treat each client as unique individuals so that they can satisfy their needs. B-to-B marketers should focus on making a personal impression rather than a business impression to customers because despite the efforts put in promoting a product, people buy out of their emotional needs more than logic. It is easier for companies to manage the feedback of their clients when there is a standardized method of gathering such information. However, the response should be spontaneous because a uniform approach makes the response less effective. The articles give a brief summary of the B-to-B market as well as business. They tackle the mistakes that the business makes in trying to increase sales. The internal setback would be choosing conservative methods. Businesses should be at the front in innovation, especially since the nature of the operations is dynamic. They should also popularise their brand, taking full advantage of the SEO tools. The business course teaches how to deal with customers because they will determine whether a business makes profits or not. The topic on organisation buyer behaviour reflects on the various articles. An example is the article on ‘How Personal Emotions Feed B-to-B Purchases’. It teaches on what one should focus on when they try to make sales. The articles describe how businesses can expand their market opportunities; a topic that is vital in the course. The online site navigates online shoppers and when properly used it can increase sales. The younger generation who are more acquainted to the social media can be excellent

Leadership in the NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership in the NHS - Essay Example It is in this regard that application of the effective leadership quality is necessary to upgrade the operational skills of the employees and to achieve the desired objectives. Emphasizing similar value attributes concerning its leadership roles, the Local’s Children’s Centre hosts an interactive session with respect to the progress of wean process as a measure to reduce obesity rates among children. This initiative has been undertaken by the NHS to create awareness amidst the society with respect to child obesity and its dreadful implications. The study intends to discuss about the various measures undertaken by National Health Services (NHS) to ensure about the nutritional benefits to the society, especially the children (Bevan, 2012). In addition, the NHS healthcare service organization attempts to practice various leadership qualities in order to manage the change with respect to the wean process that results in childhood obesity. Accordingly, the study discusses about the various initiatives been undertaken by NHS to create awareness within the society with respect to the nutritional benefits. NHS needs to mitigate various changes, likely to occur while transforming the traditional processes pertaining to weaning into progressive for deriving better nutritional benefits for reducing the risks of childhood obesity. In general, the ‘weaning’ process conveys about the process of involving the nutritional, biochemical and immunological adjustments by providing complementary food items in the child’s diet. Contextually, it has been noted that the breast-milk has been traditionally perceived as the most essential as nutritional food diet for infants. Traditionally, the children in their early years were provided only with breast milk. Feeding breast milk to the children has always been considered as the best source of providing nutrition. However, changes observed in the lifestyle choices in recent scenario have apparently influenced the

Broad rhetorical analysis of Charles Murrays on Liberal Education as Essay

Broad rhetorical analysis of Charles Murrays on Liberal Education as suggested by President Obama - Essay Example It talks about students who are undertaking their education. If it were addressed to students, it would imply that the author was telling them not go for higher qualifications as it does not help. This would be a misguided advice to students. The thing is that students should always aim higher while in school or practice. In support of the argument, the author indicates that university degrees work well for children who come from wealthy families, but not for anyone else who wants to land in a stable job and is not interested in the aspect of education. He states, â€Å"Children just want to know how to get a job that is satisfying and the one that pays well.† He further adds that in order for students to meet their demands, higher education is normally required. However, this should not be essential or necessary anymore if certificate testing is to be used as the best way out. The author used some rhetorical appeals to pass his message across. For instance, when he indicates that college education culminating to a bachelor’s degree works well for the kids whose parents have a lot of money. In addition, he indicates that the system only works well for top students who come from backgrounds that are drawn to academics. The funny part comes when he indicates that most of the 18-year-olds or rather students are not from well-to-do families, are not drawn to academics and are not top students. This is based on the fact that there are thousands of people going through vocational training, but are not poor.

Most Influential Books on Leadership Essay Example for Free

Most Influential Books on Leadership Essay Leadership is an issue which has been in the limelight in every aspect of human governance. Human development has been linked with management and directions which are part of leadership. Various characteristics of leadership have therefore been identified from various areas in life. This paper aims at identifying three different types of books on leadership which are recognized to be the most influential. The first choice is the book â€Å"Talent Is Never Enough: Discover the Choices That Will Take You beyond Your Talent† by John C. Maxwell . The author holds that talent is never enough in leadership. There are many different people in the whole world , thus showing that talent will never end. Nevertheless if acquiring that talent were just enough for everybody, then we would all be at a higher level and being full of potentials. There are therefore other things that need to be included in our talents so as to be able to discover those opportunities especially when it comes to business. People need to come up with other discoveries which would take them more steps beyond the talents they have. In businesses today, most leaders mostly concentrate more on the talents they have alone. The writer of this book, who in this case is a known expert in leadership John C. Maxwell argues that this is not the right way to achieving success. In his discourse, he describes how highly talented people who are globally known would be very successful if talent was the only contingency for that matter . That is not however the case. The book goes on to place more emphasis and support the writer’s decision by highlighting the fact that society is full of people who could have been great men and women if only they used other ideas apart from what they call talent. The author talks of prominent people like Jefferson, Nameth, Churchill, Bono, Oprah, and Dickens whom, apart from their talents, went steps ahead to the next level of increasing their talents and maximizing it to improve the world. They employed more efforts to what they discovered as their talent to capture other opportunities in life. That is why they are the talk of the world. According to Max, talent should therefore be present. It should however be followed by other measures that improve it. With different examples given of those people who maximized their talents, there are a few who did not. The author thus goes ahead to encourage the reader to support the authors views and improve their lives by giving thirteen key choices one can adopt to become a person with advanced and maximized talent (Maxwell J. C(2009). The second selection of the most influential leadership books that I would recommend is â€Å"The Skinny of the Art of Persuasion† by Jim Randel. In leadership, persuasion is one of the most important skills that a leader should posses. This book provides sound and detailed information on persuasion in leadership. Moreover, it offers other important recommendations on persuasion from various prominent leaders. The book advices on persuasion thanks to the fact that the author is an attorney besides being well experienced in the field. Further, apart from his experience Randel quotes people like Kevin Hogan, James Speakman, Dave Lakhani, Dale Carnegie, Robert Cialdini, Tom Hopkins, Malcolm Gladwell, and others in his discussion on persuasion in leadership. This approach puts more emphasis on the author’s concept. He states that persuasion basically involves integrity. To add to his topic, Randell gives his personal life stories regarding leadership which still bothers him till then. To understand and get acquainted with what he is insinuating, his book finalizes with tips which are easy to understand about a good persuader in leadership (Alegre M. 2010). The third influential book on leadership is John Ferling’s new book on â€Å"The Ascent of George Washington. † It talks about the relationship between leadership and education. It is very important -especially in the current world to link leadership with the educational backgrounds of those aspiring to be leaders in future. George Washington was an educated man in leadership. He had focus in his politics due to the great boost from his education. This is an ideal model of how leaders should learn to lead others. The author in this book goes ahead to reveal Washington as a political genius due to the fact that he was politically focused, ambitious, and was driven to succeed. Although described by the author as the most untactful and indecisive in times of crises, Washington was the only right person to lead Americans to independence. His character, boldness, judgment, industriousness, determination, and skillful political thinking were remarkable. It is a book that explains how one does not need to be perfect to achieve greatness (Alegre M. 010). Therefore, these books cover some of the most important aspects of leadership which most people fail to identify while leading others. Since most of us are leaders in one way or another, it is equally important to consider reviewing such influential leadership books to acquire various tips of leadership and also as stated by Maxwell to improve our talents in leadership. This strategy will not only boost our leadership qualities, but will also enable us to identify new opportunities in life and be able to pursue only the best of them.

Compulsive Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a lifelong disorder, which can cause a person to do things repeatedly. This disorder is identified by two general symptoms: obsessions and compulsions. An obsession can be defines as an unwelcome, distressing thought or mental image. (Schwartz, 1996) It is a thought that annoys you so much that it causes distress and anxiety. Compulsions are the behaviors that people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder perform in an attempt to get rid of the fears and anxieties caused by their obsessions. (Schwartz, 1996) The disorder which usually starts in adolescence or early childhood, is more common that asthma or diabetes. (Baer, 1991) It affects one in forty people, or more than five million Americans. (Baer, 1991)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is related to a biochemical imbalance in the brain that can be treated effectively without drugs. This starts with a biochemical problem in the brain called â€Å"Brain Lock†. (Schwartz, 1996) Four key structures of the brain become locked together and the brain sends false messages that the person cannot recognize as false. (Schwartz, 1996) One of the main signal-processing centers of the brain, made up of two structures called the caudate nucleus and the put amen, can be thought of like a gearshift in a car. (Schwartz, 1996) The caudate nucleus is like the automatic t...

The My Lai Massacre Essay -- History Innocent Murder Historical Essays

The My Lai Massacre   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On March 16, 1968, in the Quang Ngai region of Vietnam, specifically My Lai, the United States military was involved in an appalling slaughter of approximately 500 Vietnamese civilians. There are numerous arguments as to why this incident even had the capacity to occur. Although some of the arguments seem valid, can one really make excuses for the slaughter of innocent people? The company that was responsible for the My Lai incident was the Charlie Company and throughout the company there were many different accounts of what happened that reprehensible day. Therefore there are a few contradictions about what had occurred, such as what the commanding officers exact instructions for the soldiers were. Even with these contradictions the results are obvious. The question that must be posed is whether these results make the American soldiers involved that day â€Å"guilty†. There is the fact that the environment of the Vietnam War made it very confusing to the s oldiers exactly who the enemy was, as well as providing a pent up frustration due to the inability to even engage in real combat with the enemy. If this is the case though, why did some soldiers with the same frustrations refuse the orders and sit out on the action, why did some cry while firing, and why then did one man go so far as to place himself between the Vietnamese and the firing soldiers? If these men who did not see the sense in killing innocents were right with their actions, then how come the ones who did partake were all found not guilty in court? The questions can keep going back and forth on this issue, but first what happened that day must be examined. Captain Earnest Medina was in charge of giving orders to the Charlie Company and in the early evening of March 15th a meeting was called. CPT Medina told the company that the next morning they would be moving into My Lai and attacking Vietcong forces there. He told them that all the civilians would be at the market or would have already been moved out by the time that the soldiers arrived to carry out their planned attack. He said all that would be left in the village would be the Vietcong of the 48th battalion and Vietcong sympathizers. It was never clear what CPT Medina had said to do in the event of coming across civilians. Medina claimed in court that he had told the GI’s not to kill women and children, to us... ... landing on the president for putting the soldiers out in the jungles of an un-winnable war. In conclusion, there are just too many people and too many things to place blame easily for this disturbing event. So the easy road was taken, just do not let this happen again. The military took time out to think about their training of soldiers. "Commanders sent troops in the Desert storm operation into battle with the words, â€Å"No My Lais—you hear?† (Linder) History is said to be good for one reason- to learn from past mistakes so they will not be repeated, and that is a very good lesson to learn from My Lai and one that all hope was, in fact, learned. Works Cited Chafe, William H. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Goff, Richard, et al. The Twentieth Century: A Brief Global History. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Linder, Doug. â€Å"An Introduction to the My Lai Courts Martial.† Famous American Trails: The My Lai Courts Martial, 1970. 15 Nov. 1999 <http://www.law.umkc.edu/ faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/Myl_intro.html>. Olson, James S., and Randy Roberts. My Lai: A Brief History With Documents. Boston: Bedford, 1998

Achieving variety and details in writing Essay

Although there are many cities and countries named after presidents, Washington is the only state named for American presidents. Monrovia, the capital city of Liberia is another example of a city named after a U. S president. 2. California a popular state in the United States is a nature’s beauty. Bordered by the Pacific Ocean, its coast contains many islands, waterways, and rivers, not to mention the evergreen forests that found near the coast. 3. The car battery would not start thus I had to call a tow truck to pull it to the garage. I had not identified the problem but the mechanic confirmed that the battery was dead. 4. Although there are sisters, they were total opposites. She was not like her sister. She was stubborn and quick tempered but the sister was calm. 5. Although said to have fallen out of fashion, Ricky Martin will remain my favorite singer. His songs inspire. He has even done some free concerts for good causes too and I think he is terrific. 6. I took a trip to Pet Smart to look for hamsters. I have heard that they have terrific pets. What surprised me is that I was the only one looking for the hamsters and I wondered if no one realized. 7. Since the beginning of October, it has been dry. The heat has been unrelenting and the ground ran dry and cracked. The desert is now at its worst. It seems to have a covering of a fine reddish dust. 8. At sixteen, Holly was severe. She wore thick glasses down on her nose and was very thin. Her shoulder bones showed through her shirt seemingly to puncture her skin. This made her to lose self-esteem but her mother would encourage her and she would tell her that someday she was going to be a beauty. 9. When Joanne turned fifteen, Aunt Alice went to town and bought her a guitar as a gift. However, the guitar looked used and some of its strings were broken. It also had a scratch on the outside. 10. The cold would go through the clothes to the skin, buds popped out on the trees and these marked the late winter, which was clammy, and we looked forward for maple sugaring time. REFERENCE. Scott, N. (2008). Paragraph- writing. New York: NY. BiblioBazaar, LLC.

The History and Invention of Peanut Butter

The History and Invention of Peanut Butter It’s one of the country’s favorite things to spread over bread. We dip celery sticks in it. It’s often baked into cookies and countless deserts. I’m talking about peanut butter and as a whole Americans consume tons of the pulverized pea about a billion pounds worth each year. That’s roughly $800 spent annually and  a booming increase from the roughly two million  pounds produced at the turn of the 20th century. Peanuts were first cultivated as food in South America and natives in the region began turning them into grounded up paste roughly 3,000 years ago. The kind of peanut butter that the Incas and Aztecs made was of course much different from the manufactured stuff sold in grocery stores today. The more modern story of peanut butter actually began towards the end of the 19th century, not too long after farmers began mass commercializing the crop that was suddenly in demand after the civil war. A Nutty Controversy So who invented peanut butter? Its hard to say. In fact, there appears to be some disagreement among food historians over who deserves the honor. One historian, Eleanor Rosakranse, says a woman from New York named Rose Davis started making peanut butter as early as the 1840’s after her son reported seeing women in Cuba grinding peanuts into a pulp and smearing it onto bread.      Ã‚   Then there are some who think the credit should go to Marcellus Gilmore Edson, a Canadian chemist who in 1884 filed and was granted the first patent in the United States for what he called â€Å"peanut-candy.† Conceived as a kind of flavoring paste, the process described running roasted peanuts through a heated mill to produce a fluid or semi-fluid byproduct that cools into a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment. However, there wasn’t any indication that Edson made or sold peanut butter as a commercial product. A case can also be made for a St. Louis businessman named George A. Bayle, who began packaging and selling peanut butter through his food manufacturing company. It’s believed that the idea was born out of a collaboration with a doctor who had been seeking a way for his patients who were unable to chew meat to ingest protein. Bayle also ran advertisements in the early 1920’s proclaiming his company to be the â€Å"Original Manufacturers of Peanut Butter.† Cans of Bayle’s Peanut Butter came with labels touting this claim as well. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg It isn’t difficult to find those who dispute this claim as many have argued that the honor should go to none other than the influential Seventh-day Adventist Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Indeed, the National Peanut Board states that Kellogg received a patent in 1896 for a technique he developed for making peanut butter. There’s also an 1897 advertisement for Kellogg’s Sanitas company Nut Butters that pre-dates all other competitors. More importantly, though, Kellogg was a tireless promoter of peanut butter. He travelled extensively throughout the country giving lectures on its benefits of to health. Kellogg even served peanut butter to his patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, a health resort with treatment programs supported by the Seventh-day Adventist church. The one big knock on Kellogg’s claim as the father of modern day peanut butter is that his disastrous decision to switch from roasted nuts to steamed nuts resulted in a product that barely resembled the ubiquitous jarred goodness found on store shelves today. Kellogg also  in an indirect way played a part in the production of peanut butter reaching a mass scale. John Lambert, an employee of Kellogg’s who was involved in the nut butter business, eventually left in 1896 and founded a company to develop and manufacture industrial strength peanut-grinding machines. He would soon have competition as another machine manufacturer, Ambrose Straub, was granted a patent for one of the earliest peanut butter machines in 1903. The machines made the process easier as making peanut butter had been quite tedious. Peanuts were first grounded using a mortar and pestle before being put through a meat grinder. Even then, it was hard to achieve the desired consistency.    Peanut Butter Goes Global In 1904, peanut butter was introduced to the wider public at the World’s Fair in St. Louis. According to the book â€Å"Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food,† a concessionaire named C.H. Sumner was the only vendor to sell peanut butter. Using one of Ambrose Straub’s peanut butter machines, Sumner sold $705.11 worth of peanut butter. That same year, the Beech-Nut Packing Company became the first nationwide brand to market peanut butter and continued to distribute the product until 1956. Other notable early brands to follow suit were the Heinz company, which entered the market in 1909 and the Krema Nut Company, an Ohio-based operation that survives to this day as the world’s oldest peanut butter company. Soon more and more companies would start selling peanut butter as a disastrous mass invasion of boll weevils ravaged the south, destroying much of cotton crop yields that had long been a staple of the region’s farmers. Thus the food industry’s growing interest in peanut was fueled in part by many farmers turning to peanuts as a replacement. Even as demand for peanut butter grew, it was primarily being sold as a regional product. In fact, Krema founder Benton Black once proudly boasted â€Å"I refuse to sell outside Ohio.† While it may sound today like a bad way of doing business, it made sense at the time as grounded peanut butter was unstable and best distributed locally. The problem was that, as the oil separated from the peanut butter solids, it would rise to the top and quickly spoil with exposure to light and oxygen.                All that changed in the 1920’s when a businessman named Joseph Rosefield patented a process called â€Å"Peanut butter and process of manufacturing the same,† which describes how hydrogenation of peanut oil can be used to keep the peanut butter from coming apart. Rosefield began licensing the patent to food  companies  before he decided to go off on his own and launch his own brand. Rosefields Skippy peanut butter, along with Peter Pan and Jif, would go on to become the most successful and recognizable names in the business.

Bad Leadership Essay Example

Bad Leadership Essay Example Bad Leadership Paper Bad Leadership Paper BAD LEADERSHIP What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters By Barbara Kellerman Page 1 The book is all about the dark side of leadership and how you individuals get there and what we can do to avoid it. She suggests that leaders do not act alone and are not solely responsible for bad leaderships. There is no leadership without followship. If followers would just not follow a bad leader we could put a stop to the bad leadership. She has two main arguments throughout the book. The first is that leadership is either classified as ineffective or unethical. The second argument is that you can break the whole bad leadership into seven types – incompetent, rigid, intemperate, callous, corrupt, insular, and evil. She talks about how writers of other books and schools that study leadership suggest that to become a leader is to become a good leader. The dark side then as she suggests that to limit leadership to good leadership presents three major problems. It is confusing and misleading and does a disservice. She goes on to talk about the reasons why we are bad. She states that â€Å"people in a state of nature are not, in the usually sense of the word, good. This is not to insist that people are bad but rather that the human animal cannot be relied on to behave well. †[i] I’m not so sure that I agree with this statement. She brings up a point that in the past, scholars believed that a leader’s traits, such as intelligence, were more important then any other variable when determining a leader’s ability. They now agree that there are other variables that need to be considered such as the situation, the nature of the task at hand, and the followers. Why do we follow leaders who behave badly? She suggests it’s out of our need for safety and self-preservation. Getting along by going along is one of life’s early Page 2 lessons and so we need simplicity and stability. We do not want to lose our jobs so we keep quiet and keep things simple. Groups go along with bad leaders because even bad leaders can provide important benefits. Leaders maintain order, provide cohesion and identity, and do the collective work. Either in a group or as an individual, we find that it’s in our best interest to go with the flow and not stir the pot. How can we expect to reduce the number of bad leaders though unless we reduce the number of bad followers like we probably all have been at one point in our career. She states that, â€Å"Bad leadership will not, cannot be stopped or slowed unless followers take responsibility for rewarding the good leaders and penalizing the bad ones. †[ii] The first of Kellerman’s arguments is that bad leadership falls into two categories: ineffective and unethical. An ineffective leader â€Å"fails to produce the desired change. For reasons that include missing traits, weak skills, strategies badly conceived, and tactics badly employed, ineffective leadership falls short of its intention. †[iii] Whereas, unethical leaders may be very effective, they just don’t know the difference between right or wrong. Our textbook has a chapter on leadership ethics and social responsibility. The textbooks describes ethics as, â€Å"the study of moral obligations, or of separating right from wrong†, and morals as, â€Å"an individual’s determination of what is right or wrong†. [iv] I would suggest that they may know the difference, but they choose to ignore it. She then goes on to her next argument that there are seven types of bad leadership: Incompetent, Rigid, Intemperate, Callous, Corrupt, Insular and Evil. She says Page 3 that the first three types (incompetent, rigid and intemperate) tend to be classified as ineffective leadership and the last four (callous, corrupt, insular and evil) are bad because of unethical behavior. She defines an incompetent leader as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers lack the will or skill (or both) to sustain effective action. With regard to at least one important leadership challenge, they do not create positive change. [v] Leaders are incompetent for many reasons. Some lack experience, education or expertise and others lack drive, energy or the ability to focus. The instances I have recognized incompetent leaders are one’s in which someone was promoted only because of their longevity at the company and not because of their skills or expertise. I tend to call them worker bees who are gre at at being a worker bee, and then they get promoted to a leadership role because they are such a great worker bee, and then they fail. They don’t have the courage to step back and realize they are not meant to be leaders. She defines Rigid Leadership as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers are stiff and unyielding. Although they may be competent, they are unable or unwilling to adapt to new ideas, new information, or changing times. †[vi] I think this has come into play in past couple of decades with the emergence of technology. There were leaders who were not use to the convenience of technology and it scared them. It scared them right out of their jobs though because they were using rigid leadership and not being able to adapt to the change. Page 4 Kellerman defines Interperate Leadership as, â€Å"The leader lacks self-control and is aided and abetted by followers who are unwilling or unable effectively to intervene. †[vii] This is more of a private matter and very important for leaders to keep it that way. If these types of leaders lose self-control in public it can be very damaging to their reputation and to their followers. The book defines Callous Leadership as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers are uncaring or unkind. Ignored or discounted are the needs, wants, and wishes of most members of the group or organization, especially subordinates. [viii] Leaders are supposed to consider what their employees want. She uses words such as power-sharing and team-building as examples of what leaders are suppose to be promoting. We read in our textbook that leaders are to empower their employees and let them make decisions and seek improvement. It states that â€Å"a dominant characteristic of effective leaders is their passion for their work and to some extent for the people who help them accomplish the work. † The textbook has a section on team-based organizations and the role that the leader plays. It defines 9 key roles of the leader and those are: Building trust and inspiring teamwork Coaching team members and group members toward higher levels of performance Facilitating and supporting the team’s decisions Expanding the team’s capabilities Page 5 Creating a team identity Anticipating and influencing change Inspiring the team toward higher levels of performance Enabling and empowering group members to accomplish their work Encouraging team members to eliminate low-value work[ix] These are all roles that will help contribute to effective leadership and team building. These types of organizations needs leaders who know the team process and can give feedback and resolve conflict. She defines Corrupt Leadership as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers lie, cheat, or steal. To a degree that exceeds the norm, they put self-interest ahead of the public interest. †[x] We have learned that there is no place that is immune to corrupt leaders, not even the church. Most of the time the corrupt leader is motivated by money. They are placing their personal interests over the welfare of the company and other employees. It is important to remember that these types of leaders exist especially when you are a follower. Being a follower of these types of leaders can only bring you down as well if you choose to follow them. Insular Leadership is defined by her as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers minimize or disregard the health and welfare of, ‘the other’- that is, those outside the group or organization for which they are directly responsible. †[xi] It is in some sense, human nature to feel that your group, or family, or country competes with others and that Page 6 your group will always come first. These leaders should look to more of a collaboration and cooperation rather then competition. The textbook suggests, as a way to build teamwork, that you encourage competition with another group. It says that, â€Å"one of the best-known methods of encouraging teamwork is rallying the support of the group against a real or imagined threat from the outside. † It also goes on to say though that, â€Å"the leader should encourage rivalry, not intense competition that might lead to unethical business practices. †[xii] The last style of leadership that she defines is, Evil Leadership. She defines it as, â€Å"The leader and at least some followers commit atrocities. They use pain as an instrument of power. The harm done to men, women, and children is severe rather than slight. The harm can be physical, psychological, or both. †[xiii] She focuses more in this section on the followers who follow these evil leaders. She suggests that they are just as much as evil if they do nothing and just follow along. She also suggests though that maybe they are a victim and are terrorized into following. She of course uses Saddam Hussein as an example of an evil leader, which I think we all could agree with. Before I even read who the brief examples were about, he is who came to my mind. The textbook talks a little about the evil and the dark side of leadership in that of a charismatic leader. It states that, â€Å"some people believe that charismatic leadership can be exercised for evil purposes. Charismatic leaders are experts at promising Utopia. Since perfection is the end, often the most heinous actions can be tolerated as seemingly Page 7 necessary means to the end. †[xiv] It goes on to talk about followers and why they follow these types of leaders. The textbook states that it’s because of that leader’s personal magnetism. Overall, the costs of bad leadership cannot be known exactly. Not only does it cause pain and suffering to those directly affected by the bad leadership, but there are those that are indirectly affected such as family and friends. She does a great job describing the many different ways bad leadership develops and also gives way at the end to correct and fend off bad leadership. She says, â€Å"What is to be done? How can we all, leaders and followers alike, begin truly to correct for and prevent bad leadership? She makes three assumptions to answer these questions: â€Å"First, we cannot stop or slow bad leadership by changing human nature. Second, we cannot stop or slow bad leadership without stopping and slowing bad followship. Finally, we cannot stop or slow bad leadership by sticking our heads in the sand. †[xv] [i] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 15) [ii] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 232) [iii] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 33) [iv] Leadership (Durbin, p. 169) [v] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 40) [vi] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 41) [vii] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 2) [viii] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 43) [ix] Leadership (Durbin, p. 264) [x] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 44) [xi] Bad Leadership (Kellerman p. 45) [xii] Leadership (Durbin, p. 271) [xiii] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 46) [xiv] Leadership (Durbin, p. 91) [xv] Bad Leadership (Kellerman, p. 231 232) Page 8 REFERENCES Durbin, Andrew J. Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Fifth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company (2007). Kellerman, Barbara. Bad Leadership: What It Is, How It Happens, Why It Matters. Harvard Business School Press (2004). Page 9